Surface tension is an important physical property of liquids and has extensive practical applications．It is one of the key contents in university physics． To improve the measurement methods of liquid surface tension coefficient in experiment teaching，a liquid surface tension coefficient measurement device was constructed based on Hall effect sensors，which can accurately measure micro-forces．Based on this，the surface tension coefficient of the water was measured by the pull-off method，and it is confirmed that it has good stability and repeatability．The experimental device is easy to build and operate，and can effectively cultivate students＇ application ability of sensors and experimental design ability．

Through optimizing the experimental method，an experiment for measuring the liquid surface tension coefficient using a Jolly balance based on the light lever principle is designed．A novel light lever measurement device is developed via the light lever method and the pulling-off method，featuring a circular scale reading mechanism for convenient data recording． This device abandons the complicated " three-line alignment" operation，addressing long-standing issues in traditional Jolly balances such as cumbersome procedures and significant human errors．Practical verification shows that this measurement method is easy to operate，highly repeatable，and achieves high data precision．Meanwhile，its intuitive reading mechanism enhances the device's usability and practical applicability．

A grating diffraction spectrum simulation program was designed based on MATLAB．By constructing the mathematical models of the grating equation，the order defect condition and the light intensity distribution，the dynamic simulation of grating diffraction with adjustable multiple parameters(such as wavelength，grating constant，and number of slits)was achieved．The program supports the input of polychromatic light(multiple wavelengths)，calculates the light intensity distribution by combining single-slit diffraction and multi-slit interference factors，and generates the spectral intensity distribution curve and diffraction fringe distribution map．The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical predictions，clearly demonstrating the influence of different parameters on the characteristics of diffraction fringes．Moreover，the calculation error of the grating constant is relatively low，verifying the accuracy of the program．This simulation tool effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional experiments，provides a platform for independent exploration of diffraction laws，helps deepen the understanding of grating spectral characteristics，and at the same time provides efficient auxiliary means for related experiments．

Standing wave is one of the key knowledge points in the wave chapter．In response to the difficulty of accurately and intuitively displaying the dynamic changes of standing waves under different conditions in traditional experimental teaching，especially in complex situations involving amplitude and phase differences，this paper designs an interactive standing wave simulation platform based on Python language．For the waveform superposition process of three typical cases of " same amplitude，same initial phase"，" same amplitude，different initial phase"，and " different amplitude，same initial phase"，real-time adjustment of control parameters and dynamic display of synthesized wave waveforms are achieved through an interactive GUI interface，transforming the pumping theory into a visually presented dynamic scene，deepening students ＇understanding and mastery of the essential characteristics of standing waves，and providing useful support for educational digital practice．

Ｒelativity and gravitational waves are inherently abstract and complex，posing significant challenges in teaching．By using the LALSuite software to simulate the gravitational waves emitted during the inspiral，merger，and ringdown phases of binary black hole coalescence，these abstract physical concepts can be visualized，greatly enhancing students' understanding of complex theories － particularly the mechanisms of gravitational wave generation and the principles behind their detection．This approach helps to spark students' interest in learning and fosters a spirit of scientific inquiry．Moreover，by allowing students to operate LALSuite themselves－generating gravitational waveforms from black hole mergers and observing how the signals change by adjusting input parameters－this method effectively develops their hands-on practical skills．It also deepens their understanding of scientific research methods，thereby further promoting the cultivation of scientific literacy．

This paper investigates the real-time change in electrical conductivity of Jaser-induced graphene(LIG) during the deformation process. By designing and constructing an experimental setup,high-precisionmeasurement (with a relative error of less than 2%) and visual display of the resistance change of LIG underdifferent bending deformations were achieved. The experimental results show that the resistance of LIG changessignificantly with the increase of deforation degree,exhibiting excellent linearity and repeatability.Based onthis characteristic,the application of LIG in the feld of human-computer interaction was developed,realizingthe real -time operation of controlling an intelligent car through finger joint movements. This study provides newideas and methods for the performance research and practical application of flexible conductive materials.

A virtual simulation experiment platform for measuring dielectric constants has been successfully developed using LabVIEW．This platform employs the bridge method to measure capacitance through a virtual parallel-plate capacitor，thereby calculating the dielectric constant of the dielectric material．The experimental design accounts for electrode boundary effects and distributed capacitance，significantly enhancing measurement accuracy．Leveraging LabVIEW's graphical programming interface，the platform enables flexible parameter configuration，automated data acquisition/processing，and visual result display． It extends to measuring dielectric constants of various media (solids，liquids，gases)with simulation result errors controlled within 1． 0%． This virtual experiment provides an efficient and precise learning environment，enhancing experimental teaching effectiveness．

The fourth-order Ｒunge-Kutta method is used to calculate the trajectories of electrons under different cathode and anode radii in orthogonal electromagnetic fields．The calculation results show that when the cathode radius is small，the electrons perform a "figure 8" rotation curve motion，and when the cathode radius is large，it shows an approximate semicircular bounce motion behaviour．The larger the cathode radius，the greater the radius of curvature of the electron's motion curve near the anode．The larger the anode radius，the smaller the radius of curvature of the curve of the electron near the anode．This numerical simulation experiment not only visually shows the motion behaviour of electrons，but also makes up for the limitations of solid experiments in controlling parameter changes．

This experiment improves the ultrasonic velocity measurement instrument using a capacitive sensor ranging system．By controlling the capacitive sensor measures the data at the threshold voltage position through the output voltage of the piezoelectric transducer receiving sound waves，it achieves precise and automatic wavelength measurement，reducing human error and improving measurement efficiency． It is particularly advantageous when measuring the speed of sound in media with real-time changes in state．In the experiment，the first step was to investigate the impact of the threshold voltage on the experimental results．The results show that increasing the threshold voltage can improve measurement accuracy．When the threshold voltage is 11 V，the propagation speed of sound in air is，the relative uncertainty is，and the percentage deviation is．Compared to before the improvement，the relative uncertainty has decreased by，and the percentage deviation has decreased by．This experiment will provide strong support for research and application in related fields．

Based on the standing-wave acoustic velocimetry in university physics experiments，this paper delves into the differences in reflection characteristics of sound waves between audible-frequency measurements and ultrasonic measurements during sound velocity determination．By constructing a general model that describes finite reflections of audible sound waves，the study combines experimental data with quantitative fitting analysis to reveal the impact of reflection counts on sound velocity measurement results．The research finds that in practical measurements，the reflections of sound waves between S1 and S2 do not form an ideal standing wave state．Instead，the sound pressure signal received at S2 is the result of multiple reflections overlapping．Further analysis shows that when the reflection count n exceeds 3，the contribution of subsequent reflections to the signal received at S2 becomes negligible．The model developed in this study aligns well with experimental data obtained using the standing wave method for measuring audible sound velocity．This work not only provides a

more realistic theoretical framework for the standing wave method of sound velocity measurement but also offers insights for optimizing experimental teaching designs．By helping students intuitively understand the physical mechanisms of sound wave reflection and superposition，this study contributes to advancing experimental

teaching practices and fostering a deeper comprehension of wave superposition principles．