For the two cases of uniform and Gaussian distributions of light intensity in the emitted light field，a quantitative relationship between the sensor output and displacement was derived．Subsequently，a theoretical model of the fiber optic displacement sensor was established，and this model was subjected to simulation and analysis．Ｒeflective surfaces were fabricated using materials such as iron，copper，aluminum，and mirror stickers．

Through experimental verification，the effectiveness of the theoretical model was validated． This research provides a theoretical foundation for the development of fiber optic sensors and for experimental teaching in

relevant academic fields．

As microelectronics technology advances toward the nanoscale，the development of high-performance dielectric materials has become central to enhancing integrated circuit performance．Addressing the demand for

gate dielectric materials with high dielectric constant (high-k)and low leakage current in transparent electronic devices，this paper designs an experimental module tailored for Microelectronics and Integrated Circuit Engineering programs．Focusing on the CeAlO2 /Al2O3 stacked gate dielectric as the core subject，the structure is constructed by preparing CeAlO2 thin films via a solution process and depositing a 4 nm ultra-thinAl2O3 passivation layer using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)technology．The experiment comprehensively covers thin film fabrication，dielectric property testing (capacitance per unit area C ox ，and leakage current density J leak )，and optical characterization (transmittance，absorption spectra)． This integrated approach cultivates students＇ systematic innovation capabilities spanning from material design to device application．The design effectively bridges semiconductor processing technology with device physics knowledge，enhancing students＇ engineering literacy in solving cutting-edge electronic device challenges．

Surface tension is an important physical property of liquids and has extensive practical applications．It is one of the key contents in university physics． To improve the measurement methods of liquid surface tension coefficient in experiment teaching，a liquid surface tension coefficient measurement device was constructed based on Hall effect sensors，which can accurately measure micro-forces．Based on this，the surface tension coefficient of the water was measured by the pull-off method，and it is confirmed that it has good stability and repeatability．The experimental device is easy to build and operate，and can effectively cultivate students＇ application ability of sensors and experimental design ability．

The fourth-order Ｒunge-Kutta method is used to calculate the trajectories of electrons under different cathode and anode radii in orthogonal electromagnetic fields．The calculation results show that when the cathode radius is small，the electrons perform a "figure 8" rotation curve motion，and when the cathode radius is large，it shows an approximate semicircular bounce motion behaviour．The larger the cathode radius，the greater the radius of curvature of the electron's motion curve near the anode．The larger the anode radius，the smaller the radius of curvature of the curve of the electron near the anode．This numerical simulation experiment not only visually shows the motion behaviour of electrons，but also makes up for the limitations of solid experiments in controlling parameter changes．

In traditional optical fiber sensing experiments，optical fiber sensors with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPＲ)usually operated by leveraging the scattering cross-section and light absorption properties of gold nanospheres．The excited LSPＲ can effectively enhance the sensing sensitivity of optical fiber sensors．However，their absorption peak located in the visible light range with around 500 nm． Therefore，gold nanobipyramids with a larger extinction cross-section and a tip-shaped structure can be selected in this paper．Gold nanobipyramids with different aspect ratios have different absorption peak positions (their absorption peak are above 700 nm in the near-infrared region)．After combination of gold nanobipyramids with micro/nano multimode optical fibers，this structure is extremely sensitive to changes with the variation of environmental refractive index，and refractive index sensitivity of the sensor can reach to 622 nm/ＲIU．The tip hot-spot effect of gold nanobipyramids is more significant，thus greatly enhancing the electric field strength on the surface of sensor．By the combination of cutting-edge academic technologies with experimental teaching，innovation of the
experiment can be enhanced．Additionally，it can not only improve innovative spirit and comprehensive practical ability of the students but also stimulate their strong interests in novel optical fiber devices and sensing applications．

Through optimizing the experimental method，an experiment for measuring the liquid surface tension coefficient using a Jolly balance based on the light lever principle is designed．A novel light lever measurement device is developed via the light lever method and the pulling-off method，featuring a circular scale reading mechanism for convenient data recording． This device abandons the complicated " three-line alignment" operation，addressing long-standing issues in traditional Jolly balances such as cumbersome procedures and significant human errors．Practical verification shows that this measurement method is easy to operate，highly repeatable，and achieves high data precision．Meanwhile，its intuitive reading mechanism enhances the device's usability and practical applicability．

This experiment improves the ultrasonic velocity measurement instrument using a capacitive sensor ranging system．By controlling the capacitive sensor measures the data at the threshold voltage position through the output voltage of the piezoelectric transducer receiving sound waves，it achieves precise and automatic wavelength measurement，reducing human error and improving measurement efficiency． It is particularly advantageous when measuring the speed of sound in media with real-time changes in state．In the experiment，the first step was to investigate the impact of the threshold voltage on the experimental results．The results show that increasing the threshold voltage can improve measurement accuracy．When the threshold voltage is 11 V，the propagation speed of sound in air is，the relative uncertainty is，and the percentage deviation is．Compared to before the improvement，the relative uncertainty has decreased by，and the percentage deviation has decreased by．This experiment will provide strong support for research and application in related fields．

Based on the principle of multimode interference in optical fibers，a high-performance tapered Single-mode-No-core-Single-mode (SNS) fiber sensor was developed using fiber tapering technology．Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor exhibits outstanding performance in both solutionconcentration and environmental temperature detection．Compared to non-tapered fiber sensors，the tapered SNS fiber sensor achieves 57． 26% and 58． 04% improvement in sensitivity for concentration and temperature measurements，respectively． The device shows strong adaptability to various experimental scenarios，and exhibiting negligible cross-interference from temperature variations during concentration measurements．
Furthermore，a real-time optical power-concentration/temperature conversion module was developed，enabling simultaneous multi-parameter measurement with a rapid response time of approximately one second，which provides crucial technical support for commercial applications of this sensing system．

Thermoelectric power generation is one of the important applications of thermoelectric effect．It is of great significance to design and manufacture thermoelectric power generation devices and study its output characteristics to optimize the application efficiency of thermoelectric power generation devices or system．To address the research demand of the application field of thermoelectric power generation technology，this work designs and makes a set of double-layer water tank thermoelectric power generation devices．The outer water tank utilizes the siphon phenomenon to enable water circulation，while an external power supply heas the water in the inner tank，causing the generator sheet to develop a potential difference due to the temperature gradient，and through the external measurement circuit to study its output characteristics．The output characteristics of the double-layer water tank thermoelectric power plant under different conditions are studied by design experiments．The results show that increasing the difference in temperature between the inside and outside of the power generator and adjusting the connection method of the power generator can effectively increase the output power of the power generator．The device is a simple structure with high flexibility，low cost，high safety， easy operation．It provides some ideas and inspiration for the teaching experiment design，which can make
students better understand the technology of thermoelectric power generation．

Based on high-precision force-sensitive sensors and STM32 microcontrollers，this study established a corresponding relationship between " the concentration，density，and buoyancy" of solutions．The changes in buoyancy were accurately measured by using force-sensitive sensors，and a liquid concentration measurement device was developed．After completing the design of the device，it was used to measure the concentration of sodium chloride，sodium carbonate，copper sulfate，and alcohol solutions，and the measurement results showed a deviation from the actual concentration of generally less than 0．3%，indicating a high measurement accuracy of the device．

In the Gauss method for measuring of the geomagnetic field，the torsion of the hanging wire cannot be ignored．In this paper，we report the measurement of the torsion coefficient of the hanging wire in the Gauss method．By improving the experimental setup，the tension wire not only improves the measurement accuracy of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field B ∥ ，but can also be applied in the measurement of the vertical component B ⊥ ，with the errors of 3．0% and 6．7% respectively． The utilization of the wire torque provides a new idea for the measurement of the two components of the geomagnetic field．

Standing wave is one of the key knowledge points in the wave chapter．In response to the difficulty of accurately and intuitively displaying the dynamic changes of standing waves under different conditions in traditional experimental teaching，especially in complex situations involving amplitude and phase differences，this paper designs an interactive standing wave simulation platform based on Python language．For the waveform superposition process of three typical cases of " same amplitude，same initial phase"，" same amplitude，different initial phase"，and " different amplitude，same initial phase"，real-time adjustment of control parameters and dynamic display of synthesized wave waveforms are achieved through an interactive GUI interface，transforming the pumping theory into a visually presented dynamic scene，deepening students ＇understanding and mastery of the essential characteristics of standing waves，and providing useful support for educational digital practice．

A grating diffraction spectrum simulation program was designed based on MATLAB．By constructing the mathematical models of the grating equation，the order defect condition and the light intensity distribution，the dynamic simulation of grating diffraction with adjustable multiple parameters(such as wavelength，grating constant，and number of slits)was achieved．The program supports the input of polychromatic light(multiple wavelengths)，calculates the light intensity distribution by combining single-slit diffraction and multi-slit interference factors，and generates the spectral intensity distribution curve and diffraction fringe distribution map．The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical predictions，clearly demonstrating the influence of different parameters on the characteristics of diffraction fringes．Moreover，the calculation error of the grating constant is relatively low，verifying the accuracy of the program．This simulation tool effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional experiments，provides a platform for independent exploration of diffraction laws，helps deepen the understanding of grating spectral characteristics，and at the same time provides efficient auxiliary means for related experiments．

Based on the experiment of determining the thermal conductivity of solids using the steady-state method，this study aims to explore a more optimal method for processing experimental data． By employing Excel，Matlab，and Mathematical software tools，polynomial and exponential model fittings were conducted on the temperature-time relationship of the heat-dissipating disk． Goodness of fit (Ｒ 2 )，Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)，and root mean square error (ＲMSE)are respectively used to analyze the goodness of different fitting models in processing experimental data，in order to more effectively distinguish the best fitting scheme for data processing． The analysis results show that the polynomial fourth-order fitting model demonstrates the best goodness of fit when processing experimental data，effectively enhancing the accuracy of data processing． This study provides a referential fitting scheme and evaluation method for optimizing the
processing of experimental data，and proposes a feasible research approach for improving experimental precision．

A virtual simulation experiment platform for measuring dielectric constants has been successfully developed using LabVIEW．This platform employs the bridge method to measure capacitance through a virtual parallel-plate capacitor，thereby calculating the dielectric constant of the dielectric material．The experimental design accounts for electrode boundary effects and distributed capacitance，significantly enhancing measurement accuracy．Leveraging LabVIEW's graphical programming interface，the platform enables flexible parameter configuration，automated data acquisition/processing，and visual result display． It extends to measuring dielectric constants of various media (solids，liquids，gases)with simulation result errors controlled within 1． 0%． This virtual experiment provides an efficient and precise learning environment，enhancing experimental teaching effectiveness．

Ｒelativity and gravitational waves are inherently abstract and complex，posing significant challenges in teaching．By using the LALSuite software to simulate the gravitational waves emitted during the inspiral，merger，and ringdown phases of binary black hole coalescence，these abstract physical concepts can be visualized，greatly enhancing students' understanding of complex theories － particularly the mechanisms of gravitational wave generation and the principles behind their detection．This approach helps to spark students' interest in learning and fosters a spirit of scientific inquiry．Moreover，by allowing students to operate LALSuite themselves－generating gravitational waveforms from black hole mergers and observing how the signals change by adjusting input parameters－this method effectively develops their hands-on practical skills．It also deepens their understanding of scientific research methods，thereby further promoting the cultivation of scientific literacy．

Based on the ray tracing algorithm and the rendering capabilities of the OpenSceneGraph (OSG) graphics engine，a three-dimensional virtual optical experimental platform has been designed and implemented．It can complete the three-dimensional demonstration of the principles of geometric optics in optical courses，dynamically display the structures and functions of common optical systems，conduct virtual simulation experiment analysis，and support students' independent innovative designs． This platform can effectively enhance students' learning interest and the effectiveness of experiments，and enriches the teaching methods of both classroom lectures and experimental teaching for optical courses．

Aiming at the problems of high computational complexity and poor real-time performance whenMUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification ) algorithm is used in multi-dimensional traversal search for underground target location，a multi-modal Sparrow MUSIC fast underground target location algorithm is proposed．In this algorithm，the guidance vector model under the ground detection model is established．Therefore，the application of the MUSIC algorithm is extended to the underground pipeline location．Sparrow search algorithm powerful searching ability and convergence speed，which can be combined with MUSIC algorithm to achieve fast positioning．In view of the problem that the classical sparrow search algorithm cannot search multiple spectral peaks，the cluster algorithm is used to divide the sparrow population，so that the
sparrow population can form multiple subpopulations to search the peaks in parallel．Moreover，the combination
with the particle swarm optimization algorithm ensures the local search at the peaks．The results of simulation and experiment show that the proposed algorithm has high localization accuracy，and compared with the 2D-MUSIC algorithm the average time for target localization is only 0．979%．In addition，compared with the same type of algorithms，the proposed algorithm has a higher search success rate．

This experiment improves the ultrasonic velocity measurement instrument using a capacitive sensor ranging system．By controlling the capacitive sensor measures the data at the threshold voltage position through the output voltage of the piezoelectric transducer receiving sound waves，it achieves precise and automatic wavelength measurement，reducing human error and improving measurement efficiency． It is particularly advantageous when measuring the speed of sound in media with real-time changes in state．In the experiment，the first step was to investigate the impact of the threshold voltage on the experimental results．The results show that increasing the threshold voltage can improve measurement accuracy．When the threshold voltage is 11 V，the propagation speed of sound in air is，the relative uncertainty is，and the percentage deviation is．Compared to before the improvement，the relative uncertainty has decreased by，and the percentage deviation has decreased by．This experiment will provide strong support for research and application in related fields．

In the context of the development of new engineering disciplines，local engineering institutions face new challenges in cultivating applied talents．This study addresses the issue of insufficient multidimensional thinking ability training in university physics courses by constructing a 'five-dimensional integration' hybrid course system centered on ' 1 + N' teaching content，' ENＲDM' teaching methods，service-learning tasks，tripartite quadruple resource co-construction，and a ' two-ization two-degree two-nature' evaluation system．Through blended online and offline teaching spaces and the integration of information technology，it achieves an organic unity of knowledge transmission and ability cultivation．