This paper investigates the real-time change in electrical conductivity of Jaser-induced graphene(LIG) during the deformation process. By designing and constructing an experimental setup,high-precisionmeasurement (with a relative error of less than 2%) and visual display of the resistance change of LIG underdifferent bending deformations were achieved. The experimental results show that the resistance of LIG changessignificantly with the increase of deforation degree,exhibiting excellent linearity and repeatability.Based onthis characteristic,the application of LIG in the feld of human-computer interaction was developed,realizingthe real -time operation of controlling an intelligent car through finger joint movements. This study provides newideas and methods for the performance research and practical application of flexible conductive materials.

In this paper,the principle of equal inclination interference in Michelson interferometer is analyzedusing an illustration method and the results indicate that the unlocalized interference exists in the process ofequal inelination interference, Furthermore, the unlocalized interferenee produced in the equal inelinationinterference is theoretically evideneed, These illustrate that the model of unlocalized interfierenee can be used tostudy the equal inclination interference in Michelson interferometer, and then the interference palttems formedin the exqual ineclination interference are analyzed by the model., Fimanly, the adjusting methods for the erqualinclination interferenee in Michelson interferometer are suggested.

Sound velocity measurement is a classic experiment in university physics experiments, andcommonly used methords include resonance interferometry method, phase comparison method, and timedilferenee method, On this basis, extends the phase intuitive comparison methord and sigmal superpositionmethod to help students better understand the principle of sound velocity measurement,At the same time, alsoexplores the impact of saltwater temperature and concentration on sound velocity based on AI technology, whichcontributes to the study of sound velocity in seawater and provides ideas for empowering physics experimentalteaching with Al.

Resistance,as a fundamental physical quantity, plays a eritical role in electrical engineering,automation,and eleetrical technology. Aeeurate measurement of resistanee remains a key foeus in the field ofelectrodynamics.'This study proposes a novel method for measuring resistance based on the comer frequeneymethord,integrating classical oseilloscope experiments with RC, and RL, series cirevits, The influences of phasedifference, capacitanee value, inductanee value and parasitic capacitanee on the experimental results wererespectively explored in the text. The results showthat the measurement error of the median resistance in the RC eireuit is generally less than 35%,In the RL, circuitl, there is a range of resistance measurement with betterexperimental effect for different inductance values,but the overall error is relatively large, which may be due tothe influence of parasitic capacitance, skin effect,ete. This approach offers a new perspective for resistancemeasurement.

A single-mode-coreless-single-mode (SNS) fiber glucose sensor hased on mulimode interferenceeffect was studied,The concentration or refractive index of glucose solutions were measured by monitoring thedrift of the transmission spectrum resonance peak,The sensor was fabricated by splicing a 58 mm long corelessfliber between Iwo single-mode fibers, When the room lemperature was kept at 25 'C,the sensor achieved asensitivity of 0.2457 nm/'% in the low concentration range of 0 ~ 1%% and 0.2092 mm/% in the highconcentration range of 5%o ~25%%,Based on the linear relationship between the glucose solution concentrationand refractive index,the refractive index sensitivity of the sensor was approximately 151.67 nm/ RlU. Throughrepeatability ltests, the total uncertainties of the sensor in measuring 6%% and 15%% glucose solutions were0,088% and 0.176%%,respeetively,correspomding to resolutions of 0.033%6 and 0.148%% in the O0~ 1%o and 5%o~25%% ranges, respectively. The experimental results show that the sensor has the advantages of simplefabrication,low cost,high sensitivity and high resolution, which can provide beneficial support for research andapplication in the fields of biomedicine,envimommental monitoring, food processing,ete.

The viscosity coeflicient of liquid was measured by using a Pasteur pipet instead of a traditionalglass tube.'The factors that may influence the experimental results were studied,such as Pasteur pipet tilt,insutlicient cleaning,bubble on the liquid surface,'The influenee of each factor on the experimental results wasbtained.

 In the experiment of adjusting and applying a spectromeler, it involves adjusting the Ielescope,
stage,and collimator ,which is relatively complex for beginners,When students see abnoral grating diffractionpattems or seemingly normal but with significant measurement errors, they ofien camnot identify the keyreasons,mainly dae to their insuflieient understanding of the relevant optical principles,During the adjustmentoroeess,they iust mechanically follow the operation steps in the textbook. Based on the above, this papercomprcherninglh amahboaed the imdiuence of varioe pnate gf the spretromcter on the ertingtiffation fringer,students to comprehend the experimental principles and determine the 
adjustment state of the spectrometer bydistribyution of diffraction fringes ,so as to complete the experiment with high quality.

Ｔｈｅ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ ｂｅａｍ ｃａｒｒｙｉｎｇ ｏｒｂｉｔａｌ ａｎｇｕｌａｒ ｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ ｍｏｄｅ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ ａ ｎｅｗ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｘｉｎｇ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎ
ｆｏｒ ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ． Ｔｏ ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ ｅｘｐａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ
ｂｅａｍｓ，ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ ｂｅａｍｓ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ
ｈａｖｅ ａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄ ｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｉｓ ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ
ｂｅａｍｓ ｃａｒｒｙｉｎｇ ｉｎｔｅｇｅｒ ａｎｄ ｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｏｒｂｉｔａｌ ａｎｇｕｌａｒ ｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ ｉｎ ｗａｔｅｒ ａｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｆｌｏｗ ｒａｔｅｓ ｂｙ ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｎｇ
ａｎ ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ ｐａｔｈ ｉｎ ａ ｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ，ａ ｓｐａｃｅ ｌｉｇｈｔ ｍｏｄｕｌａｔｏｒ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅ ａ ｃｒｏｓｓ ｓｈａｐｅｄ
ｇｒａｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ ｌｉｇｈｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｏｒｂｉｔａｌ ａｎｇｕｌａｒ ｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ．Ｔｈｅ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ ｌｉｇｈｔ ｗａｓ ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ ｉｎ ａ
ｗａｔｅｒ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｆｌｏｗ ｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｉｅｓ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｍｏｔｏｒ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ．Ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ ｌｉｇｈｔ ｆｉｅｌｄ ａｆｔｅｒ
ｐａｓｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅ ｗａｔｅｒ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ｗａｓ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ，ａｎｄ ｉｔｓ ｏｒｂｉｔａｌ ａｎｇｕｌａｒ ｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ ｗａｓ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ．Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ
ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ ｔｈａｔ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｗａｔｅｒ ｆｌｏｗ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ，ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｖｏｒｔｅｘ ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ ｆｉｅｌｄ ｉｓ ｏｎｌｙ ｓｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ
ｄｉｓｔｕｒｂｅｄ ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｒｅｆｒａｃｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｄｅｘ，ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｂｉｔａｌ ａｎｇｕｌａｒ ｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ ｂｙ ｉｔ
ｒｅｍａｉｎｓ ｕｎｃｈａｎｇｅｄ．Ｔｈｉｓ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｗｏｒｋ ｃａｎ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｓｏｍｅ 

This experiment takes gallium-doped zine oxide (GZ0) thin films as the research objeet. Bycombining pulsed laser deposition (PL,D) technology with gradient annealing processes,it svstematicallvinvestigates the regulation mechanisms of air annealing at 30)-700IC on the struectural,electrical,and opticalproperties of the films, constructing an inquiry-based leaching model focuased on the " process-structure-property" correlation,Experimental results show that 600 C annealing optimizes grain size (26.2 nm) andcrystallinity (002) peak full width at half maximum (F'WHM) of O.34o],achieving synergistic enhancementof carrier concentration (7.13x 10l'" cm-?) and mobility (65.3 cm2/V.s),with resistivity as low as 1.34x 10-3I . cm and visible light transmittance excceding 90%o,In contrast,700 C annealing induces surface cracks andproliferation of zine vacaney (VZn) defects due to lattice mismatch,leading to degradation of electricalperformance and revealing the theral stability threshold of GZ0 thin films. Through combined analysis ofmulti-scale characterization (SEM, XRD, PL) and physical equations Hall effect, Burstein-Moss effect).students can establish a svstematic cognitive framework of " microscopic defects-transport parameters-macroscopic properties,"mastering methods for correlating material preparation process optimization withperformance failure mechanisms,Integrating materials engineering and semiconductor physics knowledge,thisexperiment adopts a "problem-oriented,data-driven,mode]-building" teaching approach to culivate students'intendisciplinary esperimental desigm capabilities,critical thinking,and engineering decision-making literacy.providing an imnovative paradigm for the researeh and teaching practice of new transparent conductivematerials.

To explore the variation law of energy conversion eflicieney of electromagnetie induction devicesunder input energy sigmals, this researeh projeet desigmed and implemented a set of devices for measuring theinfluenee of loard on electromagnetic induetion emergy conversion effieieney,based on Fiaraday's Law ofEleetromagnetie Indluetion amnd using the strueture of induced eletromotive force power generation devices,Before the formal experiment, a pre-experinent was also desigmed to improve the efficieney of the energyconversion device. In the formal experiment, we ohtained a key conclusion: under energy signal input,theenergy conversion efficieney of the device first inecreases and then decreases with the increase of loadresistance, and put forvward a reasonable explanation for this phenomenon, Finally, the uncertainty of theexperimental results and error analysais were diseussed in detail. This research oot only provides new ideas andmethods for in-depth understanding of the law of energy conversion efficieney,but also has certain applicationpotential in green energy-related fields such as kinetic energy recovery and new-type power generationequipment.

In undergraduate physics laboratories,the traditional optical-lever method for measuring Young'"smodulus suffers from sobjectivity in reading, parallax when viewing the scale through a telescope, andestimation errors in distances (between the plane mirror and the scale, and between the rear of the reflectingmirror amd he pivot),.These lactors notably affeet both the optical-lever magnilication factor aned dhe computedvalue of Young's mordulus,'This paper proposes replacing the optical-lever assembly with a high-DPI opticalmouse, Using a "mouse-o-filament contaet" configuration, we acquire micro-displacement signals in real timeand process them dynamically via Python, An equivalent-displacement calibration establishes the conversionbetween pixel counts and physical displacement. Experiments show that for step sizes a50 pum, theneasurement aceuraey exceds 90So,and the system attains a measurement resolution on the order of 6 pm.Comparative analysis of resuls and uncertainty sources between the optical-lever and mouse-based methodsverilies the latter's advantages in accuraey, stability, and operational comvenienee, Owing to its low cost,highprecision,and strong programmability,the approach is suitable for foundatiomal and integrated esperiments inCollege Physies Laboratory courses and provides an extensible platform for sensor-data-acquisition projects

 Inductance (L),capacitanee (C),and resistanee (R) serve as fundamental passive components incirevit design,and the precise measuremnent of their paramelers is crucial for cirevuit design, signal processing,and system stability analysis,'This paper proposes an LCR measurement scheme based on the vector comparisonmethod , utilizing common laboratory equipment such as oscilloscopes and signal generators to obtain complexvolage values containing phase information, from which the numerical values of LCR parameters are furthercaleulated,.The inlluence of lead resistance on the experiment is eliminated through the Kelvin four-terminalcomnection method. This design scheme is suitable for experimental teaching and engineering preliminaryresearch scenarios.

 In order to solve the problems of complicated procedures and expensive turtable equipment in thetraditional high-precision calibration of the Micro Inertial Measurement Unit ( MI MU),a novel turntable-freeMI MU error calibration algorithm based on the genetic method is proposed.In this algorithm,the wavelet noisereduction method is used to preprocess the random noise of the MI MU measurements,the muli-position rotationscheme is designed to excite the Ml MU errors,and then the M MU error function is constructed,which is usedas the objective function in the genetic algorithm.Based on this,the MI MU error parameters are effectivelyidentified by searching and optimizing the objective function.Compared with traditional high-precision turtablecalibration algorithms,the proposed algorithm does not require expensive test equipment and the calibrationprocess is much simpler. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is both effective and feasible inachieving high-precision error calibration for the MIMU. This study provides a referenee for the application andresearch of low-cost inertial navigation systems while also fostering students' ability to conduct independentscientifie research.

The aceurate processing of experimental data is essential in physics. However,experimentallymeasured data are often discrete and limited, presenting challenges in reconstructing the inherent continuity ofphysical processes. Consequently, investigating the applicability of various interpolation methods inreconstructing continuous curves across diverse physical scenarios emerges as a pivotal issue.In this study,fourinterpolation methods-linear,shape-preserving piecewise cubic,cubic Hermite,and cubic spline-are appliedto experimental data from three types of experiments:forced vibration, Franck-Hertz,and simple pendulum.Theresults show that shape-preserving piecewise cubic interpolation works best for forced vibration data, cubicsplineinterpolation is more suitable for the Franck-Hertz experiment,while the simple pendulum caseunderscores the limitations of interpolation methods under conditions of data sparsity and high noise levels.Collectively,'these findings support the central conclusion of this study: no single interpolation method isuniversally optimal,and the choice of an appropriate method depends critically on the intrinsic nature of thephysical experiment and the characteristics of the data obtained.

Based on high-speed cameras and Tracker sofiware, an experimental study is conducted on thelarge-amplitude free motion of a simple pendulum to investigate its fundamental principles,' The experimentrecorded and analyzed the motion parameters of the pendulum under varying initial angles and lengths. Throughcomparative analysis of measured data and theoretical models, the study eonfimmed the nonlinear vibrationcharacteristics of large-amplitude pendulum motion, It is indicated that under low damping coefficients, thependulum primarily exhibits under-damped quasi-periodic motion,while larger initial angles and shorterpendulum lengths result in more pronounced motion attenuation.,'These findings provideanalytical insights andreferences for related theoretical research and pedagogical applications.

In the traditional Young's double-slit interference experiment, the human eye is often used toobserve the fringes to measurethe fringe spacing. However,this method is prone to causing signilficant errorsdue to factors such as visual fatigue. Therefore,a measurement platform for Young's double-slit interferenceexperiment was constructed based on MATLAB to accurately measure the fringe spacing and automaticallycalculate the wavelength value of the laser used in the experiment. After converting the original image into agrayscale image,the image is preprocessed, anisotropic diffusion filtering, adaptive threshold processing andpseudo-color image mapping operations are carried out. The spacing of the processed stripes is measured,andthe laser wavelength is calculated in combination with the experimental parameters. The results show that theaverage absolute error of the laser standard wavelength in the experiment is -0.30 nm,and the average relativeerror is only 0. 047 2%,which is much smaller than the 19.91 nm and 3.135 4% observed by the human eye.The above indicates that the constructed measurement platform can accurately measure the wavelength value ofthe laser used in the experiment with a nanometer-level error,which has certain practical value.

The Michigln tleferenge eypetemen has piblerh sugh as fofeoaof conefplo dtffrayttutilizes ZBiMAX optical design software, which has powerfil stucture constuction and rich image displayfnetion,to carry out optical simulatrion based on different air Iavers'cqual thick interference.It realizes thevisual constrnetion of a variety of equivalent optical systems,the visual dynamic demonstration of interferenceffinees.and the visual derivation and analvsis of the finge movement prineiples.Thifs not only promotes studentsinterest and participation in the classroom,but also deepens their understanding of the abstract concept of"cqual thiclaness"in cqual thickness interference and the experimenal principle. This paper constructs airrlayet medels with giffeent gradien thicknesses, differeat tolationat symmetty and aoymmets,On the one hand,as Michelson interference and Newton's fing,which demonstrates the advantages of ZEMAX sofware in thevisualization teaching of optical experiments.On the other hand,it also trains the abilily of thinking visualizationand develops a macroscopic understanding of the optical knowledge system for students, which effectivelypromotes the improvement of teaching quality.

Based on the density functional theory (DFT) of quantum chemistry caleulations,the potentialenergy surfaces (PESs) of interstellar molecules (CN, CNt and CO) have been investigated in this study. Theequilibrium configurations of these molecules were optimized using the UB3LYP funetional and the def2-TZVPbasis set,and their potential energy surfaces were constructed. The potential energy curves exhibit characteristicfeatures of diatomic molecules, with CNt showing a deeper potential well and higher dissociation energycompared to CN and CO. Vibrational frequencies and rotational moments of inertia were caleulated,and theinfluence of nuclear distance and mass difference on energy levels was analyzed. These results providetheoretical support for analyzing interstellar molecular spectral observations and predicting reactionmechanisms,which is signilficant for understanding physicochemical processes in interstellar media and thesynthesis of prebiotic molecules.

Daking the expreriment of " Step Rerponse of firs-Order Cinevits" as an exemple, a eaching reformexperimernta! plalfomn that supports 24/?7 accessibility and fancilitates remote hand-on Operation .Compared withutilization,and improves the collection and evaluation of experimental data. Service data collected after theplatfor was launched demonstrate its ability to effectively support high-load experimental tasks. Furthermore,the remote teaching mode has effectively achieved the experimental teaching goals and stimulated studentsenthusiasm for autonomous Teaming,participating in engineering practice and imnovation activities.This schemeprovides an effective path for the digital transformation of experimental teaching within the framework of "newengineering".

The blended teaching model, which combines online and offline instruction, offers significantadvantages in university physics experiment courses,yet it also presents certain challenges and shortcomings.Therefore,in practical application,it is essential to fully consider these factors and continuously optimizeteaching models and methods to achieve the best teaching outcomes. This study focuses on university physicsexperiment courses, delving into their content systems and teaching characteristics. By integrating teachingpractices,it explores the feasibility of a blended online-oflline teaching approach. Through the integration ofmultiple teaching platfors,a blended teaching model tailored to the actual teaching needs of our university hasbeen successfully established.In teaching practice,we have gradually improved the virtual experiment teachingplatform,actively promoted the development of high-quality online course resources,highlighted the dominantrole of students, and optimized the grading system, thereby comprehensively enhancing teaching quality andeffectiveness.