With the rapid development of low-temperature physics and quantum device technologies,the fabrication of high-quality iron-based superconducting thin films has become a critical research focus in condensed matter and materials physics.To address the issue of elemental segregation often encountered in conventional physical deposition processes，this study designs an instructional experiment that synthesizes FeTe0.5Se0.5superconducting thin films by combining pulsed laser deposition (PLD)with an ion-exchange technology.The course introduces the fundamental principles of PLD and ion exchange,and guides students through thin film deposition,ion exchange processing,and the subsequent characterization of microstructure and superconducting properties,thereby enhancing their practical skills and research competence.experimental results demonstrate that the films fabricated by this approach exhibit excellent elemental homogeneity,high crystallinity,and superior superconducting properties.This teaching design provides students majoring in related fields with a solid foundation for understanding the fabrication and property modulation of two-dimensional superconducting materials,while offering new insights into future research and applications of high-temperature superconductors.

For semiconductor nanocomposite systems,there are usually a large number of defects such as points and surfaces,due to the lattice mismatch of different components and interface pollution.Especially,the interface defects seriously affect the carrier interface transport process,thus significantly inhibiting its photoelectric conversion performance.The composite system of photocatalyst graphite nitride carbon (C3N4)and transition metal phosphide (CoP)is taking as research material．Interface optimization of C3N4/CoPx using L-Cys molecular bridging ligand to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.C3N4 nanosheets were prepared by hot polymerized urea/melamine mixture.C-SH bond and C3N4were covalently bonded by L-Cys molecular sensitization,and Ｒ-C3N4/CoPx was prepared by photodeposition loaded with CoPx nanoparticles (NPs).The results show that the —COO－ and —NH2 functional groups of L-Cys are covalent with Co and P atoms of CoPx NPs respectively. The influence of L-Cys bridging ligand on the electron interface transfer behavior of Ｒ-C3N4/CoPx was investigated by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and electrochemical tests.The results showed that the introduction of L-Cys bridging ligand could halve the fluorescence lifetime of R-C3N4/CoPx,reduce the electron transfer impedance by one order of magnitude,and improve the surface charge transfer efficiency by nearly 16%.Thus,the Ｒ-C3N4/Co x photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate increased by 16.5 times.

Under the background of new engineering science and oriented to the development and training needs of talents in laser spectroscopy and application,the experiment of detecting multi-component gas by

combining laser spectroscopy and time-division multiplexing technology is designed.The experiment aims at detecting gas concentration by spectroscopic methods,prompting students to understand the knowledge of laser spectroscop,signal control and analysis,and cultivating students’ hands-on ability to build experimental systems and their ability to process and analysis experimental data.The teaching of this experimental process is conducive to enhancing students‘knowledge and ability to deal with problems,and helping the diverse development of new engineering education.

The cascaded Talbot-Lau interferometer is formed by the serial combination of a Talbot-Lau and an inverse Talbot-Lau device，eliminating the need for fabricating small-period absorption gratings．Based on the constraints of the cascaded setup，it show that when the self-imaging fringe period larger than 210 μm，the detector can directly resolve the fringes，thereby omitting the need for an analyzer grating．Only a small-period phase grating needs to be fabricated．For the fabrication of the small-period phase grating，a metal nanoparticle with a solution as the carrier into the grating grooves．By comparing the effects of different modifiers on grating filling efficiency using scanning electron microscopy，it was found that oleic acid and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)provided more uniform and dense filling compared to OP-10，though nanoparticle aggregation was observed．The grating fabricated with the assistance of a suspension prepared by mixing N-methylpyrrolidone and isopropanol in a ratio of 0．25 mL 100 mL demonstrated the optimal performance．

Based on the standing-wave acoustic velocimetry in university physics experiments，this paper delves into the differences in reflection characteristics of sound waves between audible-frequency measurements and ultrasonic measurements during sound velocity determination．By constructing a general model that describes finite reflections of audible sound waves，the study combines experimental data with quantitative fitting analysis to reveal the impact of reflection counts on sound velocity measurement results．The research finds that in practical measurements，the reflections of sound waves between S1 and S2 do not form an ideal standing wave state．Instead，the sound pressure signal received at S2 is the result of multiple reflections overlapping．Further analysis shows that when the reflection count n exceeds 3，the contribution of subsequent reflections to the signal received at S2 becomes negligible．The model developed in this study aligns well with experimental data obtained using the standing wave method for measuring audible sound velocity．This work not only provides a

more realistic theoretical framework for the standing wave method of sound velocity measurement but also offers insights for optimizing experimental teaching designs．By helping students intuitively understand the physical mechanisms of sound wave reflection and superposition，this study contributes to advancing experimental

teaching practices and fostering a deeper comprehension of wave superposition principles．

When the human body is exposed to a high-temperature environment during physical activity，it experiences varying degrees of heat stress．This environmental condition significantly impacts both physiological

and psychological responses，leading to changes in subjective and objective parameters under different exercise intensities． Wearable thermoelectric devices harness human body heat for power generation，with skin temperature playing a crucial role in determining the thermoelectric efficiency of these devices． This study experimentally investigates the subjective and objective responses of the human body under varying exercise intensities in high-temperature environments． Based on experimental data，the study analyzes changes in subjective and objective responses and evaluates the influence of ambient temperature and exercise intensity on the thermoelectric efficiency of wearable thermoelectric devices． The experimental design aims to enhance students'understanding of the physiological and psychological changes in high-temperature environments，improve their comprehension of professional course content，and promote scientific literacy．

An experimental setup for measuring multiple physical quantities was constructed using a self-developed fiber-optic vibration sensor and conventional physics laboratory equipment．Leveraging the dynamic

characteristics of the fiber-optic sensor within its posterior slope linear working range，the resonance methodwas employed to measure the Young＇s modulus of a test sample (manganese steel strip)and the inertial mass

of objects． This approach offers high measurement precision，minimal error，low cost，and straightforwardoperation．

In the Millikan oil drop experiment，the measurement of oil droplet falling time and equilibrium voltage constitutes two primary factors influencing experimental results． To address the issue of insufficient precision in measuring oil droplet descent time during the experiment，this study employs the Tracker software to track the falling trajectories and timing of oil droplets，thereby enhancing the measurement accuracy of descent time．During specific experimental procedures，we simultaneously utilized traditional manual timing and Tracker software tracking technology to measure the descent times of 20 oil droplets． Comparative analysis revealed that the Tracker-based tracking method improves the precision of oil droplet falling time measurements to the 0．001 s level，significantly enhancing temporal resolution．This advancement consequently yields more accurate charge quantity measurements．Furthermore，the Tracker software＇s visualization of droplet trajectories provides intuitive demonstration of Brownian motion effects on microscopic oil droplets．

This work presents a forced vibration experimental system for a tuning fork based on optical micro-displacement measurement，integrating two classical optical measurement techniques:the optical lever method

and the Michelson interferometric method． Firstly，the fundamental principles of optical micro-displacement measurement and its high sensitivity characteristics are introduced，emphasizing the real-time response advantage of the optical lever method in angular displacement measurement and the high resolution and quantitative capability of the interferometric method in translational micro- and submicron displacement measurement．Subsequently，these two methods are applied to the dynamic study of forced vibration in a tuning fork，where the resonance frequency and quality factor are obtained through frequency scanning．experimental results demonstrate that the optical lever method features a simple structure suitable for dynamic monitoring of vibration patterns，while the Michelson interferometric method provides more precise amplitude quantification and frequency response data． Their combination enhances the comprehensiveness and reliability of the measurement．This experimental system not only improves the intuitiveness of vibration dynamics teaching but also provides an excellent platform for students to master optical measurement techniques and data analysis．Future work may integrate modulation-demodulation and electrical detection methods to further expand the depth and breadth of experiments，promoting innovation in the teaching of mechanical vibration and precision measurement．

Based on the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves in solid materials，a laboratory-scale acoustic flaw detection system was developed，comprising an ultrasonic transducer，signal generator，

oscilloscope，test specimens，and associated connecting cables．The ultrasonic transducer is activated by specific frequency pulse waves through the signal generator，waveform acquisition and analysis were performed using the oscilloscope，enabling precise measurements of ultrasonic propagation velocities in solids．Using a 2．5 MHz transducer，the measured velocities were determined as 6，195．6 m/s in the magnet，6，427．4 m/s in the aluminum block，5，725．4 m/s in glass，and 2，619．8 m/s in acrylic．Furthermore，this apparatus demonstrated extended functionality in defect localization within aluminum components and three-dimensional structural reconstruction of a glass penholder through translational scanning measurements． To optimize measurement accuracy，the influence of input pulse frequency variations was systematically investigated．experimental results revealed enhanced measurement precision when the excitation pulse frequency was maintained at 2-4 times the transducer＇s inherent resonant frequency．This frequency-dependent behavior underscores the critical role of spectral matching between the driving signal and transducer characteristics for improved system performance．

To investigate the influencing factors of whether a ruler suspended at the edge under paper cover can detach when struck by weight，this paper establishes a mechanical model based on the lever model and suction cup model． The control variable method is employed for experiments，and the ruler ＇ s downward trajectory is tracked using Tracker software.Theoretical validation is conducted through COMSOL software simulation and Matlab software fitting，leading to relatively accurate conclusions from the mechanical model．The experimental and simulation results align with theoretical analysis． The study reveals that the ruler＇s maximum deflection angle，ball mass，ball drop height，ruler extension ratio，paper size，and ruler material are the primary factors affecting ruler detachment．

The reasonable introduction of computer programming in physics experiment teaching can not only deepen students＇ understanding of experimental principles and data processing but also stimulate their interest in exploration．The measurement of laser wavelength using a Michelson interferometer is an important learning unit in the course of " College Physics experiment"，and it also has high research and application value．However，traditional experimental operations are prone to errors caused by inaccurate recording of the number of moving stripes．In response to the above shortcomings，this article innovatively combined Tracker software to optimize the process of identifying the number of interference fringes，which greatly improved the experimental accuracy;In addition，using the least squares method instead of the differencing method to fit the data further improves the accuracy of data processing．The method proposed in this article has certain reference significance for the improvement of other physics experiments and the digital construction of laboratories．

In order to reduce the measurement error of the unbalanced bridge，a method based on the particle swarm algorithm to control the uncertainty of the unbalanced bridge was proposed． First，the uncertainty evaluation model of the unbalanced bridge was established，and then the particle swarm algorithm was used to optimize the various influencing parameters．Finally，the comparison experiment of the uncertainty before and after the algorithm optimization was carried out．The results showed that the method of this paper can reduce the uncertainty of the unbalanced bridge measurement by 98． 64%，and could be applied to various teaching experiments that need resistance．

Based on the principle of measuring the thermal conductivity of materials by the hot wire method and the semiconductor refrigeration sheet，the thermal conductivity experimental device of ice was designed and fabricated，which was placed in the freezer with the circulating water cooling system to measure the thermal conductivity of ice．The measurement process is to use the platinum wire as the hot wire and the Kelvin four-wire wiring method，use the measured voltage and current to calculate the resistance value of the platinum wire at the corresponding temperature，and then convert the resistance value at the same temperature of Pt100，and record the corresponding time，and find the rate of change of temperature with the logarithm of time．Therefore，the thermal conductivity of the ice to be measured is between 1．5～2．7 W/(m·K)at －28．7～ －1．23 ℃，and the thermal conductivity of the ice increases with the decrease of temperature，and the relationship can be accurately fitted by Origin software．

Common methods for sound source localization heavily rely on the accuracy of measurement data．When errors are present，they can lead to unsolvable equations．A new sound source localization method，known

as line-surface localization，utilizes a three-dimensional coordinate system to determine the position of the sound source by finding the intersection between surfaces and lines．This approach reduces the number of time delay measurements required and effectively avoids issues related to the inability to solve for the sound source position due to measurement errors．Additionally，controlling the shape of the stereo sound array can enhance

measurement accuracy and optimize the processing of noise and sound source signals．With this model，effective sound source localization can still be achieved within a certain range，even in the presence of errors．

An experimental device is created by using Hall sensors，HC-05 bluetooth module，and STM32 microcontroller，which is capable of measuring weak magnetic field intensities and presenting measuring results in real-time on a smartphone．The operating principles of the device are explained in detail．By conducting multiple magnetic field measurement experiments at various positions and with differing coil turns，we collected extensive experimental data． Through the analysis and processing of the data，it is determined that the measurement range of the magnetic field detection device is ± 40 GS and its resolution is 1 GS． Through analysing the uncertainty，the practicality and scientific validity of the device are confirmed．Furthermore，when compared to other electromagnetic field detection instruments—characterized by higher accuracy and broaderdetection ranges this magnetic field measurement device offers advantages such as lower cost and ease of operation，making it more suitable for meeting the general public＇s magnetic field measurement requirements．

The LabVIEW-based virtual simulation platform for the "Speed of Sound Measurement" experimentwas successfully developed． This platform incorporates interactive features such as experimental problem

discussions，practical operation videos，and a standing wave module． It simulates real-world energy losses，including losses during electro-acoustic and acoustic-electric conversions in ultrasonic transducers，as well aspropagation losses of sound waves in the medium．Users can select the medium type (e．g．，air，water，or specific solids)and set the experimental temperature．By observing amplitude changes in the waveform graph and the dynamic evolution of preliminary patterns，the speed of sound is measured using two methods:the resonance interference method and the phase comparison method．Multiple simulation results show that the relative error between the measured and theoretical values of the speed of sound is consistently below 0．10%，demonstrating the high accuracy and stability of the simulation．This platform visualizes experimental details more concretely，enhancing the understanding of experimental principles，and is worthy of promotion as a teaching aid．

In industrial production，there are often a variety of liquids between the injection behavior，and in the fluid miscibility phenomenon，due to the fluid molecules at the interface out of the main body of the internal force situation is different，resulting in the interface at the interface of the fluid has a different fluid properties than the fluid inside．One of the most obvious phenomena is the Magorani effect，which is manifested by the fact that the particles at the interface of the fluid below will flow counter currently along the water flow in the process of the fluid injection above． Therefore，this paper is a parameterized simulation study of this phenomenon．Based on the COMSOL simulation software，different dimensions of the " upstream pollution phenomenon" are simulated，and the simulation model of particle and fluid is constructed to parameterize the four variables，namely，particle mass，fluid temperature，injection height，and surface tension，and to investigate the effects of different parameters on the particle counter current phenomenon．

A simulation experiment platform for measuring magnetic fields using the Hall effect wassuccessfully constructed using LabVIEW．experiments can first be conducted to measure the magnetic fieldstrength along the central axis of a Helmholtz coil and observe the relationship between the Hall voltage，theexcitation current and the operating current．The magnetic field distribution on the common axis plane can alsobe examined．experimental data can be quickly processed and presented visually，yielding excellent visualisationeffects．Secondly，the simulation experiment platform enables the flexible adjustment of parameters such as theexcitation current of the Helmholtz coil，the operating current，the number of coil turns and the Hall sensitivity，thereby effectively expanding the scope of the experiments． Thirdly，three-dimensional graphics display themagnetic field distribution on the central axis plane of the Helmholtz coil，showing the magnetic fielddistribution inside and outside the coil．This helps to deepen understanding of the experimental phenomena andprinciples．Finally，the error rate of the simulation results is below 0．06%，demonstrating high precision．Thesimulation platform can be used for physics laboratory teaching in higher education institutions，as well as forextracurricular self-directed learning.

In recent years，with the continuous deepening of educational reforms and the constant developmentof higher education，the demand for high-quality talents with innovative capabilities has been increasingly strong．The original training methods are no longer suitable for societal requirements．The integrated science and education collaborative education model aims to improve the quality of talent training and promote professional development．It explores and practices new educational reform models and has become an important initiative in the reform of colleges and universities．Taking the physics major for teacher education as an example，this paper analyzes the problems existing in traditional physics teaching for teacher education，discusses the necessity of integrating science and education for collaborative education，and elaborates on the exploration and practice of this model in the training of physics majors for teacher education．It provides new ideas for the cultivation of physics professionals．