Based on the principle of steady-state thermal conductivity measurement，an experimental device for measuring the thermal conductivity of ice with heat flow sensor is designed to measure the thermal conductivity of ice．The size of ice used in the experimental device is 13 cm × 8 cm × 1．5 cm(L ×W ×H)，the initial temperature of the ice is 0 ℃，the ice-water mixture of 4 ℃ is used as the stable heat supply end，and the stable cold end of －7 ℃ is obtained with the semiconductor cooler．The conducted heat through the ice is measured by the heat flow sensor，and the temperature difference is measured by the thermocouple．In this experimental device，the measured thermal conductivity of ice is basically stable around 2．00，which is close to the existing experimental results on the thermal conductivity of ice．

The traditional Hall effect experimental device for measuring the internal magnetic field of energized solenoids was improved．On the basis of not affecting the original experimental content，the application of the experimental device was expanded．The magnetic field distribution of different solenoid and the influence of solenoid parameters on its magnetic field could be studied． It was a very good innovation and attempt to organically combine basic experimental projects with hands-on ability and scientific research ability training through the improvement and expansion of existing experimental devices．

Based on the empirical formula of liquid concentration and refractive index at room temperature，the home experiment of liquid concentration measurement by transmission interferometry is designed． With the principle of wedge equal thickness interference，the size of interference fringes in air and liquid is calculated，respectively．Then the liquid refractive index is calculated by the ratio of the stripe intervals in air and in liquid．In the experiment，self-made trapezoidal glassware，lens，thin paper，beaker，measuring cylinder，semiconductor laser pen，computer and CCD camera are used．The liquid concentration can be measured by equal thickness interferometry．The experiment shows that the experimental results are consistent with the empirical formula，and the experiment can be used as a supplement to the online experimental teaching project．

In the traditional Fresnel biprism interference experiment，the distance from the slit to the screen is directly read out through the optical bench，which brings obvious experimental errors．In this work，the distance from the slit to the screen was calculated by measuring the enlarged image spacing and the reduced image spacing，and thereafter the wavelength of the He-Ne laser was obtained．This method reduces the experimental error effectively and improves the accuracy of the measurement results significantly．Two-and three-dimensional simulations of the experimental interference fringes were carried out by using Mathematica software，giving ideal interference fringe images，which makes the experimental results more visualized．Meanwhile，an exploratory experiment of orthogonal biprism interference was carried out，and the three-dimensional and simulated interference images of the light intensity distribution were obtained by Mathematica．The above research results improve the accuracy of the biprism interference experiment，expand the teaching contents，and achieve the ideal teaching effect．

Cosine gratings are widely applied in metrology，astronomy，integrated optics，optical communication，information processing and many other fields．According to Abbe imaging principle and Fourier analysis technology，cosine gratings with different spatial frequencies are designed by periodic ruled gratings．Cosine gratings with different contrast and spatial frequencies are obtained by adjusting the diffraction order and the zero-order intensity of the grating entering the imaging system．

The experiment of measuring the viscosity coefficient of liquid by the traditional falling ball method is improved:the 3D printing cover is designed by ourselves and combined with electromagnet to realize the small steel ball falling along the central axis of the measuring cylinder;Use the mobile Phone Phyphox App to adjust the device level;Use PASCO Capstone video analysis software to track the position of the ball in real time;Matlab is used to analyze the results and uncertainty．Compared with the traditional manual visual method，the experimental accuracy and efficiency of the improved method are improved．In addition，the effects of ball diameter，inner diameter of measuring cylinder were also studied．

As a simple and fast method to measure the concentration of transparent liquid with optical activity, polarimetry is an ideal measurement method with simple instrument，convenient operation，accurate calculation and low experimental cost．In this study，the glucose solution with optical activity is taken as an example to measure the concentration of glucose solution according to the characteristics of glucose solution and the different optical activity of different glucose solutions． The relative error of glucose solution concentration measured by the self built experimental system is with in 2%，which shows that this experimental system has achieved a high precision measurement of glucose solution concentration，with high reliability．In addition，this chapter has developed a general method for measuring the concentration of transparent liquid with optical activity．

The experiment studies a method of measuring liquid velocity by Doppler effect in this text．This method is an ingenious combination of the principle of the measurement of ultrasonic waves by ultrasonic gratings and the Doppler effect．The liquid velocity can be measured by the frequency differential between the incident wave and the reflected wave generated by ultrasonic waves propagating in a constant fluid environment．It provides a new idea and method for the measurement of liquid velocity，which will enrich experimental teaching content and increase experimental innovation scheme，and which can be used for enlightening the innovative design thinking of experiment．

The fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used to produce linearly polarized Gaussian beams．A general expression for the light intensity distribution is derived for interference of two Gaussian beams and the fringe contrast is studied．The fringe contrast varies with the amplitude of Gaussian beams and the angle in between the polarization planes of two linearly polarized light． The theoretical description is validated by experiment．A formula for calculating the fringe contrast，which is shown to be in good agreement with the experiment results，is obtained． The research shows that the smaller the amplitude difference between two

Gaussian beams，or the smaller the angle between the polarization vectors of the Gaussian beams，the larger the fringe contrast．

It is often necessary to measure the concentration of viscous liquid in processing and production．Taking glycerol as an example，the viscosity coefficient experiment device is adopted，and the powerful data processing and graphic visualization function of matlab is used to carry out data fitting for the viscosity coefficient of glycerol of different concentrations measured，and the relationship between concentration and viscosity coefficient is obtained．Moreover，the viscosity coefficient of 99% concentration that is not involved in data fitting is substituted into the fitting relation，the calculated concentration is compared with the known

concentration，the relative error is given，and the fitting relation is tested． The results show that the fitting relation can be used to measure the concentration of unknown glycerol，and the method can be extended to other viscous liquids．

Two microtubular solid oxide fuel cells(μ-TSOFC)stacks are assembled using silver wires/paste in series and parallel connections．A silver based current collector mounted on an anodic rectangle window has been developed for obtaining very low Ohmic contact and is commercially available．The solid oxide fuel cell stack(SOFC)with anode support is sintered at 1 400 ℃ with an outer diameter anode tube of 5．8 mm and a 10 μm thick electrolyte．When operating at 650 ℃，the stack electrically connected in series shows an open circuit voltage(OCV)of approximately 2 V and a maximum output power(MP)of approximately 8．57 W，

whereas the stack electrically connected in parallel shows an OCV of 1．03 V，and the value of MP reaches 7．06 W，which can power the light，fan，and binding post，among other appliances．Additionally，both stacks are operated for 5 h to determine their long-term stability，and the results shows that series/parallel-connected stacks have excellent durability for an experiment． This laboratory experiment is developed to enhance students’operational ability and show them the real application of electrochemistry．

The capture of particles in the ambient air is the basis for the prevention and control of atmospheric particulate pollution．Based on the theory of wet trapping，a new set of wet trapping devices for atmospheric fine particulate matter is designed and built． The device is used to conduct on-site sampling experiments on atmospheric particles，and the obtained particle sample solution is tested by dynamic light scattering technology．The concentration of the sample is characterized by the number of scattered light photons of the sample solution．The experimental results show that the device built can effectively capture atmospheric fine

particle samples．The capture efficiency increases with the increase of rotor speed，and firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of liquid flow rate．When the liquid flow rate is 600 mL/min，the device has the best capture performance．

The principle is to convert resistance，capacitance and inductance into frequency through the corresponding relationship with frequency，which is processed and calculated by Field Programmable Gate Array，and finally output the value on the display screen． The waveform of resistance and capacitance is generated by the multi harmonic oscillation circuit composed of NE555 timer，and the waveform of inductance is generated by the three-point oscillation circuit of capacitance．The frequency is captured by the Digilent Basys 3 development board，processed by the equal precision measurement method，and the results are obtained through calculation，thus realizing the measurement and display of each unknown component．

The simulation experiment of low light night vision objective is carried out with Zemax software．The lightweight design requirement of low light night vision objective lens is introduced，and the design scheme is given．Based on the double Gaussian objective structure，an objective with all spherical lenses and a diffractive refractive hybrid objective are optimized by using Zemax software．Through the comparative analysis of the length，weight，imaging quality and other parameters of the two objective systems，results show that the two structural types of objective lenses can work in the occasion of high weight requirements．Through the simulation design of objective lens system based on Zemax software，students could deeply understand the theoretical knowledge related to geometric optics and optical diffraction．

Due to the fact that the textbook is only equipped with the instrument plan，the instrument structure function introduction and adjustment description，it is difficult for students to master the principle，structure and adjustment of the instrument in the limited class time，especially for the equipment with relatively complex structure，so the use and learning of experimental instruments has become a difficulty in experimental teaching．To solve this problem，with the core function of“getting familiar with instrument structure，mastering instrument principle and learning instrument operation”，three-dimensional animation of experimental instruments is designed and developed by using CINEMA 4D and applied in teaching．Through animation，students can better learn the internal and external structure，principle and adjustment of the instrument．It makes up for students’ lack of spatial thinking effectively and improves the effect of physics experiment teaching．

The data analysis and processing is the central part of college physics experiments．Learning to use scientific software to extract，analyze and process experimental data is one of the main teaching goals of the “College Physics Experiments”course．It takes the Frank-Hertz experiment as an example to introduce the superiority of the scientific mapping software Gnuplot in analyzing and processing experimental data．Compared with other data processing tools，Gnuplot has the advantages of free，open source，small，powerful，easy to learn and use，which is conducive to stimulating students’interest in experiment and cultivating students’scientific literacy．

Polarization is one of the basic characteristics of light，which is widely used in the industrial production and the scientific research．Polarization of light is one of the important contents in the teaching of college physics experiment and physical optics．VirtualLab Fusion software is applied in the teaching process of the polarized light． Combined with the scientific research projects，the theories of the optical activity measurement and the generation of vector light field are analyzed，and their simulation experiments are carried out based on the VirtualLab Fusion．The simulation experiment is three-dimensional and intuitive，which is helpful for motivating students’study enthusiasm and improving students’innovative thinking and innovative

ability．This study can provide some beneficial reference for the teaching reform of college physics experiment and physical optics course．

After throwing the cylindrical dice，it can have the same probability to stand on one of the upper surface，lower surface and side when it falls，explore the factors affecting the probability and obtain the relevant optimal parameters．Firstly，the equation of the relationship between influencing factors and probability is listed．The pybullet physics engine of Python is used to simulate the motion behavior of the cylindrical dice from throwing to landing．The real-time data of geometric parameters，physical parameters and probability obtained from the simulation experiment are recorded in Excel．The simulation data are fitted by Origin，and the images of different geometric and physical parameters and probabilities are depicted．It is found that the geometric amount of the dice α 1，α2 ，the physical mass m，and the recovery coefficient e will affect the landing state and

landing probability of the cylindrical dice．

The sensitive galvanometer allows very little current to pass through，so in the process of experiment，the two-stage voltage division method is used to make the voltage at both ends of it very little．During the measurement，the variable deflection method is used，where we keep the total voltage U and the division voltage resistance Ｒ 2 unchanged，change the external circuit resistance Ｒ，and measure the corresponding deflection lattice number d．When processing the data，Origin software is used to fit the Ｒ～1/d curve，from which the slope and intercept of the straight line can be obtained，thus the current constant k and the internal resistance Ｒ g of the sensitive galvanometer can be obtained．Compared with manual drawing，the Origin mapping method is much faster to fit data，and it is worth to be extended to other experiments in the college physics experiment course．

A sound source location scheme based on Smartphone is designed，which uses the microphone of smartphones and the acoustic stopwatch function in Phyphox software to realize the location detection of unknown sound sources．Compared with other methods for measuring sound location，this experimental design fully utilizes the potential of smart phones，uses the Phyphox software to locate the mobile phone as a sensor node，and proposes a novel location scheme:use the smart phone software Phyphox to collect and process the sound signal，calculate the time difference between the sound signal and the microphone of the mobile phone，and then use the time difference to calculate the coordinate position of the sound source target in the two-

dimensional space．

A mobile sound source positioning system is designed，which uses the principle of triangular parallax combined with sound intensity comparison method，receives sound source sound waves through sound sensors，displays sound intensity signals on embedded LCD displays，and automatically tracks sound sources according to decibel values and deflection angles．Compared to other sound sources that require a specific pulsed sound source positioning device，this device sensor can be used with any sound source．In addition，the system uses embedded sound sensor hardware filtering and software average filtering to reduce external noise interference and improve the positioning accuracy of the system．The hardware structure of the system is stable and easy to

implement，which is convenient for university laboratories to make themselves．

To solve the problems in teaching of electrontechnics and electronics experiments，the course teaching research group integrates“student-centered”teaching method into project-based teaching，the reform is implemented by systematic design of experimental contents，project-based teaching of experimental tasks，and evolutionary design of functional circuits．It takes the application circuit of integrated operational amplifier as an example，combine the project-based teaching method with electrontechnics ＆ electronics experiments teaching method，to discuss the whole process of effectively guiding students to design the unit circuit and system circuit independently，simulate design verification，assembly and test the circuits．In this way，we hope to cultivate students’experimental and engineering design ability，promote students’innovative thinking and problem solving ability．Finally，it effectively improves the quality of electrontechnics ＆ electronics experiments course

teaching，and it will also provide an innovative example for the teaching reform under the background of emerging engineering education．

Silicon Material Technology is a professional basic course based on the knowledge of semiconductor physics and the application of semiconductor devices． In view of the rapid development of technology，it analyzes some of the problems existing in the common assessment methods and focuses on the reform of the classroom teaching from the introduction of ideological and political education，the sorting and enrichment of the teaching content，the introduction of various teaching methods，the diversification of assessment methods and Exploring virtual simulation teaching models to achieve the quality of talent training in line with social requirements．

In view of the problems of electronic process practice，the reform objectives of electronic process teaching are formulated．The reform model of combining the electronic process innovation design competition with the existing electronic process curriculum and open internship mechanism is proposed．The teaching reform was carried out in terms of using the platform resources of the electronic process experimental teaching center，improving the course assessment mechanism and establishing the transformation of competition results．The experience of holding four competitions proves that this model can effectively cultivate students’interest in learning and strengthen students’hands-on practice and problem-solving ability in electronic technology．The

competition improves students’academic ability and scientific research literacy，promotes the innovation of teaching contents，enhances the level of talent cultivation，and accumulates academic papers，patents and other achievements．It shows that the reform of this competition teaching mode has achieved good results．

The course“Metal Materials and Heat Treatment”is mostly taught in traditional teaching methods．Facing this kind of course with boring knowledge，most college students will have a rejection mentality and cannot achieve the purpose of attracting students to learn actively，resulting in unsatisfactory teaching effect．Therefore，how to stimulate students’learning initiative in teaching has become an important topic．Based on solving the above problems，using games as the carrier to let students understand and master the knowledge under the concept of“learning by playing”is a kind of teaching method that combines teaching with pleasure．GBL teaching method is an innovative teaching method that uses games as a medium to help teachers better

complete the teaching objectives of the course with the fun and flexibility of games．Applying GBL teaching method to the teaching of Metal Materials and Heat Treatment can stimulate students’learning motivation and improve teaching effect and efficiency．

It is an important responsibility of current educators to integrate the teaching content with ideological and political to improve the moral education abilities．College physics experiment courses play an important role in cultivating students’practical ability and scientific spirit． There are more face-to-face communication opportunities between teachers and students in experiment class compared with theoretical class，thus can provide good opportunities for effective moral and ideological education．In recent years，we carried out reforms like standardize teaching discipline，strengthen curriculum design，introducing the story behind scientists，etc．After the reformations，the students’learning enthusiasm and the class attraction are improved and the correct

outlook on life and values are established imperceptibly．

In recent years，the COVID-19 has changed the traditional teaching methods of many courses，and the focus of experimental teaching has begun to shift to online．Combining with the teaching mode of the new experimental course，it explores and practices the reform of virtual simulation experiments in college physics experiments，taking the single front diffraction experiment as an example． Facts have proven that virtual simulation labs make classrooms more interesting and teaching more efficient．

In order to carry out the basic task of“Building morality and cultivating people”and the clear direction of“Educating people for war”in the guidelines for military education in the new era．It is based on the teaching idea of“Student-centered”，highlighting the military characteristics．It incorporates the ideological and political elements including the party’s report on the 20th National Congress．From the angles of physics and understanding nature，personal development and strengthening the army． It explains why the Cadets Study College Physics．Adopt“the gun which can stand on one’s head is also the gun of high stability”this one case

elaborates university physics what．It expounds how to learn college physics well from the perspectives of the differences between college physics and middle school physics，the characteristics of college physics courses， and the relationship between teachers and students in the teaching and learning process，promote students to achieve the ideological from I do not want to learn to I want to learn the change，know how to learn college physics well．