According to the survey on the current situation of data processing teaching in physics experiment course,most students’data processing abilities are at a low level,which fails to meet the expectations.The problems are analyzed and the cognition change is deemed to be the first point to solve the problem.Based on the learning strategies and cognitive strategies , knowledge points about data processing are sorted out and well- organized to form a hierarchical and highly generalized knowledge framework.Experimental resources are also optimized.The teaching practice was carried out among certain students.The practical data shows that the students have made obvious improvements in the analysis of error causes,data processing methods and the formation of effective conclusions, which proves that the new teaching scheme helps to establish a good cognitive structure and improve their data processing ability.